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Environmental engineering is one of the most popular, complex and fast growing disciplines in engineering. The scope of environment includes issues from public health, aesthetics, and impact of all development activities, pollution control legislation, standards, regulations, guidelines and their enforcement. Traditionally the application of engineering principles for the protection and enhancement of the quality of environment and protection of public health was called as sanitary engineering or public health engineering. Around 1968 this was changed to environmental engineering.

For conceiving environmental engineering, one has to consider the definition of engineering itself. Engineering may be defined as the application, under limits of scientific principles for the planning, design, execution, operation and maintenance of structures, equipment and systems for the development and benefit of the society. Here the word benefit is more important than the development. The so-called development in some cases may not be in real benefit of the society.

The environmental engineer plans, designs, executes, operates and maintains the water, wastewater and solid waste management plants. Clean, bacteriologically safe, potable drinking water protects and enhances public health. Liquid and solid waste management is a necessary step for healthy living. They also deal with air pollution control. The resulting pure cleaner air is conducive to people’s good health and prevents the building and other materials from the harmful effects of air pollution. The environmental engineer cares for the energy requirements of the society and the ways and means to protect the environment against the various pollutions created through the production and consumption of various goods and comfort conditions. It is the duty of environment engineer to assess the environmental impacts of the various development and other activities. In general one has to work to have sustainable and holistic development. Of course there are always constraints of resources, knowledge, human nature, social and racial considerations that limit the achievement of these goals.

Therefore the environmental engineering is defined as the application of scientific and engineering principles, under limits, for the protection and enhancement of the environment that includes the biotic and abiotic both components.

The environment exists in dynamic equilibrium of its biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) elements. The solar energy induced photosynthesis synthesizes the carbon as the plant tissue and we get matter in various forms from the trees. The carnivores, humans and animals consume the edible matter. They convert it into the energy required to sustain their lives. Their excreta comes near to the nature and the natural scavengers, bacteria and others convert it into inorganic matter like nutrients due to the biological decomposition. The roots of the plants, to form the edible matter again, extract these nutrients. Like this the nutrient cycle, material cycle, energy cycle and other cycles like hydrological cycle keep on existing until there is a great shock given by the human beings.

“Nature has enough for satisfying everybody’s need but not for anybody’s greed”. Human beings have lost their natural wisdom in want of power to overcome the nature. Since mid century the word has lost nearly one fifth of the topsoil from its cropland, a fifth of its tropical rainforests and animal species. Rapid industrialization and urbanization has increased carbon dioxide levels to the
point where global climate is being affected. The protective ozone shield is being depleted because of the chlorofluorocarbons. The forest, which is a complete ecosystem, is being converted into dead forests. The biodiversity is reducing everywhere in the world.

Biodiversity gives strength to the ecosystem against crisis. Only a well-diversified community can sustain against the extreme conditions. In quest of comfort conditions and well-secured life we have adopted a system, which is completely away from nature. We have made computers for paper less office work but the energy in making and running the computers is more than the savings made.

Of course there are other advantages of computers in computation, up keeping of data etc. But the materials used in making the computer and the disposal of the obsolete ones are drastically against the environment.

The quest of more and more comfort has fetched us far away from natural environment. The input of energy in building sector is increasing day by day. The requirements of both heating and cooling are becoming more and more energy exhaustive. At present the energy requirement in whole world is mainly met by fossil fuels. Nature has created the coal and petroleum in millions of years and we have exhausted them in hundreds of years. In the last 300 years we have consumed most of the coal and almost all of the petroleum products.

Out of the 1,30,000 MW installed capacity of electricity production in India about 66% is by fossil fuels (coal+ petroleum products), 24% by hydropower, 4% by nuclear means and only 6% by renewable energy resources like solar, wind, biomass including small hydropower plants. Still there is a very large potential of renewable energy resources unutilized but the present availability of fossil fuels and the present high cost of electricity production through R.E.S. has restrained their share to only 6%. With the advancement of technology and scarcity of fossil fuels the cost of RES will come down and there share shall increase, but is it the sustainable development? In modern context the idea of sustainable development immerged in the Earth Summit at Rio-De-Janeiro in June 1992 that let us plan a development in which the generations to come, may not become deprived of the resources which we are using today. To achieve this aim we have to control our present rate of consumption of the available resources like the fossil fuels, ground water and conserve the bio diversity and the natural cycles like the hydrological cycle.

While considering the production, consumption or utilization we have also to consider the other part that is pollution. Mixing of unwanted hazardous elements in anything is known as pollution, like mixing of sewage in fresh body of water, mixing of gases, like oxides of nitrogen, oxides of sulphur etc. in the air, increase of noise level etc. Actually the present trend of living is a serious cause of creating pollution in all spheres of life. Today the prosperity, wealth or living standard of a country is measured in terms of the per capita electricity consumption per year. That way India with its per capita consumption of 350 Kwh per year is considered far behind the U.S. which has around 20 times more than this. The advancement of a society is measured in terms of the measures of comfort like air conditioners, or conveyance like bigger and bigger expensive luxury cars. Taller buildings, more and more precious artificial fabric and so on. Production and maintenance of all these has created so much land, water and noise pollution that has overcome the advantages of all these so called advancements. Thus the challenging aspect of environmental engineering is to make balance between the rapid changes in the field of science, technology, health etc. and the very existence of life. Though environmentalism or the environmental consciousness is ancient the environmentalism became an organized force only in 1960s. It started with the publication of the book Silent Spring by Rachel Carson on the pesticide DDT in 1962. Actually the exponential growth of population and the worldwide consumerism imposed a great load on earth’s natural resources and waste management systems.

This text aims at the fundamental, primary knowledge for every one who has a concern about environment. The chapters have been designed to quench the thrust of knowledge of a person, let it be a scientist, an engineer or any one who is concerned about protection of environment and thus a well wisher of society.

This book has been written after gaining 10 years experience of working in the public health engineering department of Rajasthan and 20 years experience of teaching civil engineering students, subjects like environmental engineering, ecology and environmental dynamics, solid waste management etc. Recently environmental engineering has been introduced as a primary course common to first year students of all branches who opt for it. This text is on basic environmental engineering that covers the syllabus of first year semester scheme of the Rajasthan Technical University and other universities. Some portion of the martial presented in this book has bean derived from the work of others, their contribution is greatly ackoweldged. The recommendation of manual of water supply and treatment, manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment and manual on Solid Waste Management prepared by the Central public Health and Environmental Engineering organization, Government of India, Ministry of urban development have been closely followed.

I acknowledge my debts to my parents for their blessings, my wife Bharati for her constant support, my daughter Ruchira for her help on computer, my son Saurabh and daughter-in law Surabhi for encouragement. I express my deep sense of gratitude to my teacher Prof. Damodar Sharma, Vice chancellor Rajasthan Technical University, Kota for being a constant source of inspiration for me. I thank Prof. M. P. Poonia Principal Engineering College Bikaner for his valuable suggestions. I thank Dr. A. K. Mathur and other colleagues of my department for their help. I thank Mr. S. Gupta, Managing Director, New Age International Publishers, New Delhi for prompt publication.

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Tech Awards Circle celebrates the products, services, vendors and individuals making a difference in the industry today. The winners represent a broad range of achievements, from hardware to software to services in consumer/SOHO, SMB, midrange, and enterprise markets. Gold, silver and bronze awards were given out in each category.

Asankya, a leading provider of high-performance for a new generation of Internet applications that need high throughput, security and two-way delivery, has been selected as a winner of the Tech Awards Circle, taking Silver in the Enterprise Service category.  Winners were selected by an independent circle of publication reviewers/journalists from nominations based on a broad range of achievements – from product and technology innovations to talented executive leadership and engineering innovators.

“Despite overwhelmingly strong competition, Asankya exhibited true industry excellence to be recognized among the top of the Tech Awards Circle,” said Kevin Anderson, awards program coordinator. “Our judges were pleased at the level of submissions from all the vendors entering this year’s competition, so to be named a winner of this prestigious award is a testament to the quality and innovation unrivaled in the high tech community.  We wish Asankya continued success and look forward to them defending their title during the next awards period.”

According to Asankya CEO, Scott Ryan, “Asankya take pride in enabling the secure delivery of mission-critical applications in the cloud for enterprises, SaaS providers and agencies of the Federal government, and we are pleased to be recognized for our technology advancement and innovation.”

About Asankya’s Award-Winning RAPIDnet Application Enabling Network

Asankya’s RAPIDnet is the premier Application Enabling Network for the high-speed delivery of secure Internet applications. The breakthrough Asankya RAPID Protocol uses multiple pathways across the Internet to deliver large improvements in throughput and consistency while maintaining the security and availability that enterprise applications require. This enables Asankya’s customers to take advantage of public cloud economics while preserving the security and speed benefits of private networks.

Asankya’s RAPIDnet is the only application delivery service that accelerates encrypted traffic, optimizes bi-directionally, and improves the performance of both TCP- and UDP-based applications. The RAPID Protocol, the cornerstone of Asankya’s RAPIDnet, is a breakthrough parallel networking technology that increases throughput across the Internet by using multiple pathways, solves transport inefficiencies inherent in TCP, and reduces network load by removing duplicate packets. The research leading to RAPID was initially funded by the National Science Foundation, developed at the Georgia Institute of Technology, and first utilized by the U.S. Intelligence Community.

About Tech Awards Circle

Tech Awards Circle was established this year to truly honor the ‘best of the best’ in technology. Tech Awards Circle is not affiliated with an analyst firm or a media company, both of which are directly supported by tech vendors through consulting relationships or advertising sales, so it is uniquely unbiased and immune to conflicts of interest. Entries are judged by an independent circle of journalists, including product reviewers, each with at least a decade of experience covering technology from consumer electronics to enterprise-class computing. To prevent these judges from being unduly influenced by vendors, they have agreed to remain anonymous. For more information or to be added to the mailing list please visit www.techawardscircle.com.

About Asankya (www.asankya.com)

Asankya enables high-performance for the new generation of Internet applications that need high throughput, security and two-way delivery. The company’s RAPIDnet Application Enabling Network is utilized by leading SaaS companies, cloud storage providers, private enterprise cloud users and key government entities. Asankya is venture-backed by Veritas Venture Partners, In-Q-Tel, Seraph Group, Georgia Research Alliance and Ridgewood Advisors. Asankya is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia.

Acura has been setting new standards in automotive design and engineering for two decades with a strong commitment to bold innovation, precision manufacturing, and satisfying performance. The result is a roster of well-refined luxury vehicles that best typifies cutting-edge technology and thrilling automotive experience. Acura’s reputation for thrilling performance, for instance, relies on well-researched mechanical concepts, considerable of which has already resulted to exceptional Acura engine parts.

Acura was the first Japanese automaker to sell luxury-performance cars in the United States. It was a bold, but nonetheless sharp, move as the first two vehicles were introduced—the Legend luxury sedan and the sporty Integra series. Since the brand’s inception in 1986, Acura vehicles have won countless awards and accolades for its work. In fact, it was the best-selling luxury-performance import nameplate in the US in 1987. Also in the same year, the Acura Legend won Motor Trend’s prestigious Import Car of the Year trophy, while the Integra landed in the Car and Driver’s Ten Best list, both within the same year.

Acura’s heritage of innovation perpetually redefines state-of-the-art luxury in automobiles. A steadfast commitment to Research & Development continues to pioneer industry firsts in fields such as engine structural design, safety, all-wheel drive systems, voice recognition, and cleaner engine technology. Intelligent design propels the VTEC® engine and a group of Acura engine parts to provide legendary performance and fuel efficiency. VTEC® technology improves fuel efficiency at low rpm and boosts engine output at higher velocities.

Supplementing the excellent Acura engine parts is the Drive-by-Wire Throttle System™, which brings a sophisticated electronic system—normally found in race cars—to the Acura gas pedal. The Super Handling All-Wheel Drive™ (SH-AWD™) system, on the other hand, introduces North America’s first independent torque-distribution control system to raise turning precision and safety. Acura engineers’ forward-thinking has led to safety advancements like Advanced Compatibility Engineering™ (ACE™), building crash protection right into the frame of the car. These technologies prove that Acura consistently pushes the limits, staying on the cutting edge by sharpening the edge itself. It’s really no wonder then why enthusiasts and drivers have turned their sights on the Japanese-bred automotive force.

Revolutionary advancements to automotive engineering and design have incorporated the use of engine computers to enhance the efficiency of engine operations. Along with the use of electronic engine sensors, computer-assisted engine system operations have established greater engine power and performance perfect for daily driving applications. For high performance driving applications, you can simply employ a cost effective Pontiac performance chip to do just the trick in taking your vehicle’s overall engine performance a level up notch. The chip carries a program that is designed to upgrade the critical factory performance settings of your engine. Aside from that, the incorporation of application tested technologies backed up the dyno-test proven results of the fuel efficiency as well as the performance gains offered by premium performance chips. Souping-up serious power train has never been easier. The secret to enjoying practical and convenient solutions to unleashing your vehicle’s overall level of performance lie on the functionality of a single unit of sophisticated performance enhancing device.